Markov, A. A., Ob odnom voproce D. I. Mendeleeva, Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk SP6. 62 (1890), 1-24. This is the original paper in Old Russian. This paper contains the proof of the Markov inequality for algebraic polynomials. This journal was later called Mémoires de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg VIe séries. Due, it seems, to translating the name of the journal into French and then back into Russian, many sources now reference this article as being in Izv. Petersburg Acad. Nauk or some variant thereof. As such it was referenced (and also with the year 1889) in A. A. Markov's Selected Works from 1948 which contains a translation of the above paper into modern Russian. We also have an English translation On a question by D. I. Mendeleev prepared by Carl de Boor and Olga Holtz.

Boas, R. P., Extremal problems for polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly 85 (1978), 473-475. A short pleasant expository note about the origins of the Markov inequality. This article may be viewed electronically at JSTOR